Reactions of acids

Salts are mainly ionic compounds

Reactions of acids
1. Acid + metal -> Salt + Hydrogen gas
2. Acid + Carbonates -> Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide gas
3. Acid + base -> Salt + Water

1. Hydrochloric acid + Magnesium -> Magnesium + Hydrogen gas

Remember all the relevant polyatomic ions
- In notebook

Conductivity of Solutions
Yes
- Tap water
- Sodium chloride
- Salt water
- Hydrochloric acid
- Sodium hydroxide
- Vinegar
No
- Distilled water
- Sugar water
- Ethanol

Hydrochloric acid is found in stomach acid
Nitric acid is found in acid rain
Sulfuric acid is found in acid rain
Phosphoric acid is found in cola
Acetic acid / Ethanoic acid is found in vinegar

Basicity depends on how many hydrogen ions are released when one molecule of an acid molecule is dissolved in water

Strong acids completely dissociate in water
Weak acids partially dissociate in water

Acids and Bases, from class notes

I know I've already done a post about acids and bases. But we're doing it again in class, so yeah... I'm just kinda taking notes.
Acids:
1. Tastes sour
2. Turns blue litmus paper red
3. pH < 7
4. Contains/Produces hydrogen ions, Hydrogen ions must be present (H+)

Examples:
- Hydrochloric acid (Strong acids)
- Sulfuric acid (Strong acids)
- Nitric acids (Strong acids)
- Ethanoic acid (Weak acids)
- Carbonic acid (Weak acids)

They can be grouped according to their 'strength'. Like strong and weak acids.
The above chemical formulas for all these examples are in my notebook.. cause they can't be typed out.

You only see ions when the acid is in water, it needs to be in water.
Dissociation means that something has been broken up. Something can mean the above chemical formulas.

Hydrogen must always be a '+'.
graphite is a covalent compound that can conduct electricity (delocalized electrons)

Concept Map:)

By the way, i created a mind map/concept map about acids, bases and indicators and the link is here:
http://popplet.com/app/index.php#/437731

Indicators

Concentration
- How much a substance is dissolved in 1 dm3 of the solution
Strength
- How easily an acid/alkali dissociates when dissolved in water.

Universal Indicator
- Determines the pH value of a solution
- pH of a solution is derived based on number of hydrogen ions/hydroxide ions in a solution.
- Acids with smaller pH value have higher concentration of hydrogen ions
- Alkaline solutions with larger pH value have higher concentration of hydroxide ions.

pH of soil is important because the growth and development of plants is affected by this. Most plants grow the best when the soil is neutral or slightly acidic (pH 6 or 7).

Bases and Alkalis

Base is any metal oxide or hydroxide.
Base contains either oxide or hydroxide ions
Base can also be defined as a substance which reacts with acid to give a salt and water only.
General equation for this reaction:
base + acid -> salt + water

Alkalis are a special class of bases
Alkali is a use that is soluble in water.
E.g. sodium hydroxide
Properties:
- Bitter taste and soapy feel
- Turn red litmus paper blue
- All alkalis produce hydroxide ions when dissolved in water
- Alkalis can react with acids to form a salt and water only
   - Reaction called: Neutralisation
- Alkalis heated with ammonium salts give off ammonia gas.
General equation for this reaction:
alkali + ammonium salt -> ammonia + water + salt
- Alkalis react with a solution of one metal salt to give metal hydroxide and another metal salt.
General equation for this reaction:
alkali + salt (of Metal A) => metal + salt (of Metal B) hydroxide

Uses:
Ammonia solution
- Window cleaning solution
- Fertilisers
Calcium oxide
- Neutralising acidic soil
- Make iron, concrete and cement
Sodium hydroxide
- Soaps and detergents
- Industrial-cleaning detergents
Magnesium hydroxide
- Neutralise acid on teeth (Toothpaste)
- Relieve indigestion (antacids)

Acids

Acid is a substance which produces hydrogen ions, H+, when it is dissolved in water.
All acids contain hydrogen but not all compounds that contain hydrogen are acids. It is the hydrogen ions produced that are responsible for the properties of acids.

Properties:
- Sour taste

- Dissolve in water to form solutions which conduct electricity

- Turn blue litmus paper red

- React with reactive metals to form hydrogen and a salt.
General equation for this reaction:
metal + acid -> salt + hydrogen

- React with carbonates to form a salt, carbon dioxide and water
General equation for this reaction:
carbonate + acid -> salt + water + carbon dioxide

- React with metal oxides and hydroxides to form a salt and water only
General equation for reaction of acid with metal oxide:
metal oxide + acid -> salt + water
General equation for reaction of acid with metal hydroxide:
metal hydroxide + acid -> salt + water

Acids show the properties of acids when they are dissolved in water. Acids dissociate in water to produce hydrogen ions which show the acidic properties.

Uses:
Sulphuric acid:
- Detergents
- Fertilisers
- Car batteries
Ethanoic acid:
- Preserve food (vinegar)
- Adhesives (glue)
Hydrochloric acid:
- Leather processing
- Cleaning metals